10. Yakkhasaṃyuttaṃ – Tương Ưng Dạ Xoa – Connected Discourses with Yakkhas

Thursday August 15, 2024

Saṃyutta Nikāya (SN) - Tương Ưng Bộ Kinh - The Connected Discourses of the Buddha

[1] Sagāthāvaggapāḷi  - Thiên có kệ - The Book with Verses

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[10] Yakkha Saṃyutta
Tương Ưng Dạ Xoa
Connected Discourses with Yakkhas [206] <443>

 

♦ 1. Indakasuttaṃ (SN 10.1) – I. Indaka (S. i, 206) – 1. Indaka

♦ 235. evaṃ me sutaṃ — ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati indakūṭe pabbate, indakassa yakkhassa bhavane. atha kho indako yakkho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi —

♦ “rūpaṃ na jīvanti vadanti buddhā, kathaṃ nvayaṃ vindatimaṃ sarīraṃ.

♦ kutassa aṭṭhīyakapiṇḍameti, kathaṃ nvayaṃ sajjati gabbharasmin”ti.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Rājagaha (Vương Xá), núi Indakūṭa, tại trú xứ của Dạ-xoa Indaka.

2) Rồi Dạ-xoa Indaka đi đến Thế Tôn, sau khi đến nói lên những bài kệ với Thế Tôn:

Chư Phật, Ngài dạy rằng,
Sắc không phải sinh mạng,
Vậy sao sinh mạng này,
Lại có trong thân này?
Từ đâu xương thịt đến,
Trong thân thể hiện tại?
Làm sao sinh mạng này,
Gá dính trong thai tạng?

1-2) Thus have I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha on Mount Inda’s Peak, the haunt of the yakkha Indaka. (558)

Then the yakkha Indaka approached the Blessed One and addressed him in verse:

802. “As the Buddhas say that form is not the soul,

How then does one obtain this body?

From where do one’s bones and liver come?

How is one begotten in the womb?” (559)

♦ “paṭhamaṃ kalalaṃ hoti, kalalā hoti abbudaṃ.

♦ abbudā jāyate pesi, pesi nibbattatī ghano.

♦ ghanā pasākhā jāyanti, kesā lomā nakhāpi ca.

♦ “yañcassa bhuñjatī mātā, annaṃ pānañca bhojanaṃ.

♦ tena so tattha yāpeti, mātukucchigato naro”ti.

3) (Thế Tôn):

Trước tiên, Kalala,
Rồi từ Kalala,
Abbuda có mặt.
Rồi từ Abbuda,
Pesī (thịt mềm) được sanh ra.
Pesī sinh Ghana (thịt cứng),
Rồi đến Pasākha (chi tiết),
Tóc, lông và các móng,
Tiếp tục được sanh ra.
Những gì người mẹ ăn,
Ðồ ăn, đồ uống nào,
Con người trong bụng mẹ,
Ở đấy, lấy nuôi dưỡng.

3) [The Blessed One:]

803. “First there is the kalala;

From the kalala comes the abbuda;

From the abbuda the pesī is produced;

From the pesī the ghana arises;

From the ghana emerge the limbs,

The head-hair, body-hair, and nails. <444>

804. And whatever food the mother eats—

The meals and drink that she consumes—

By this the being there is maintained,

The person inside the mother’s womb.” (560)

 

♦ 2. Sakkanāmasuttaṃ (SN 10.2) – II. Sakka (S. i, 206) – 2. Sakkanāmaka

♦ 236. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati gijjhakūṭe pabbate. atha kho sakkanāmako yakkho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi —

♦ “sabbaganthappahīnassa, vippamuttassa te sato.

♦ samaṇassa na taṃ sādhu, yadaññamanusāsasī”ti {yadaññamanusāsatīti (sī. syā. kaṃ. pī.)}.

1) Một thời, Thế Tôn trú ở Rājagaha (Vương Xá) trên núi Gijjhakūṭa (Linh Thứu).

2) Rồi Dạ-xoa tên Sakka đi đến Thế Tôn, sau khi đến nói lên những bài kệ với Thế Tôn:

Thật không tốt lành gì,
Một Sa-môn như Ngài,
Ðã đoạn mọi triền phược,
Ðã sống chơn giải thoát,
Lại tiếp tục giảng dạy,
Những kẻ khác tu học.

1-2) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha on Mount Vulture Peak.

Then the yakkha Sakkanāmaka approached the Blessed One and addressed him in verse:

805. “Having abandoned all the knots

As one fully released,

It isn’t good for you, an ascetic,

To be instructing others.” (561)

♦ “yena kenaci vaṇṇena, saṃvāso sakka jāyati.

♦ na taṃ arahati sappañño, manasā anukampituṃ.

♦ “manasā ce pasannena, yadaññamanusāsati.

♦ na tena hoti saṃyutto, yānukampā {sānukampā (sī. pī.)} anuddayā”ti.

3) (Thế Tôn):

Này Dạ-xoa Sakka,
Dầu vì lý do gì,
Loài Người sống chung nhau,
Không một lý do nào,
Xứng đáng bậc trí tuệ,
Với lòng từ lân mẫn,
Nếu với tâm tín thành,
Giảng dạy những người khác,
Do vậy không hệ lụy,
Vì lòng từ lân mẫn.

3) [The Blessed One:]

806. “If, O Sakka, for some reason

Intimacy with anyone should arise,

The wise man ought not to stir his mind

With compassion towards such a person.

807. “But if with a mind clear and pure

He gives instructions to others,

He does not become fettered

By his compassion and sympathy.” (562) [207]

 

♦ 3. Sūcilomasuttaṃ (SN 10.3) – III. Sūciloma (S. i, 207) – 3. Sūciloma

♦ 237. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā gayāyaṃ viharati ṭaṅkitamañce sūcilomassa yakkhassa bhavane. tena kho pana samayena kharo ca yakkho sūcilomo ca yakkho bhagavato avidūre atikkamanti. atha kho kharo yakkho sūcilomaṃ yakkhaṃ etadavoca — “eso samaṇo”ti! “neso samaṇo, samaṇako eso”. “yāva jānāmi yadi vā so samaṇo yadi vā pana so samaṇako”ti.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn ở Gayā, trên hòn đá Ṭaṅkita tại trú xứ của Dạ-xoa Sūciloma.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, Dạ-xoa Khara và Dạ-xoa Sūciloma đi ngang qua, không xa Thế Tôn bao nhiêu.

3) Rồi Dạ-xoa Khara nói với Dạ-xoa Sūciloma:

-- Ðây là một Sa-môn.

4) -- Ðây không phải Sa-môn. Ðây là Sa-môn giả. Hay ít nhất cho đến khi ta biết được Sa-môn hay Sa-môn giả.

1-4) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Gayā at the Ṭaṅkita Bed, the haunt of the yakkha Sūciloma. (563)

Now on that occasion the yakkha Khara and the yakkha Sūciloma were passing by not far from the Blessed One.

Then the yakkha Khara said to the yakkha Sūciloma:

–“That is an ascetic.”

— “That is not an ascetic; that is a sham ascetic. (564) I’ll soon find out whether he is an ascetic or a sham ascetic.”

♦ atha kho sūcilomo yakkho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavato kāyaṃ upanāmesi. atha kho bhagavā kāyaṃ apanāmesi. atha kho sūcilomo yakkho bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “bhāyasi maṃ samaṇā”ti? “na khvāhaṃ taṃ, āvuso, bhāyāmi; api ca te samphasso pāpako”ti.

5) Rồi Dạ-xoa Sūciloma (1) đi đến Thế Tôn, sau khi đến liền nghiêng thân về phía Thế Tôn.

6) Thế Tôn liền tránh né thân của mình.

7) Dạ-xoa Sūciloma nói với Thế Tôn: -- Có phải Sa-môn sợ ta?

8) -- Này Hiền giả, Ta không sợ Ông. Nhưng xúc chạm với Ông là điều đáng ghét (pāpaka).

5-8) Then the yakkha Sūciloma approached the Blessed One and bent over the Blessed One.

The Blessed One drew back.

Then the yakkha Sūciloma said to the Blessed One:

–“Are you afraid of me, ascetic?”

–“I’m not afraid of you, friend. It is just that your touch is evil.” (565) <446>

pañhaṃ taṃ, samaṇa pucchissāmi. sace me na byākarissasi, cittaṃ vā te khipissāmi, hadayaṃ vā te phālessāmi, pādesu vā gahetvā pāragaṅgāya {pāraṃ gaṅgāya (ka.)} khipissāmī”ti. “na khvāhaṃ taṃ, āvuso, passāmi sadevake loke samārake sabrahmake sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiyā pajāya sadevamanussāya, yo me cittaṃ vā khipeyya hadayaṃ vā phāleyya pādesu vā gahetvā pāragaṅgāya khipeyya; api ca tvaṃ, āvuso, puccha yadā kaṅkhasī”ti. atha kho sūcilomo yakkho bhagavantaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi — ( ) {(atha kho sūcilomo yakkho bhagavantaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi.) (sī.)}

♦ “rāgo ca doso ca kutonidānā,

♦ aratī ratī lomahaṃso kutojā.

♦ kuto samuṭṭhāya manovitakkā,

♦ kumārakā dhaṅkamivossajantī”ti.

9) -- Này Sa-môn, ta sẽ hỏi Ông một câu. Nếu Ông không trả lời ta được, ta sẽ làm tâm Ông điên loạn, hay ta làm Ông bể tim, hay nắm lấy chân, ta sẽ quăng Ông qua bờ bên kia sông Hằng.

10) -- Này Hiền giả, ở thế giới chư Thiên, Ma giới hay Phạm thiên giới, với chúng Sa-môn, Bà-la-môn, với chư Thiên và loài Người, Ta không thấy một ai có thể làm tâm Ta điên loạn, hay làm bể tim Ta, hay nắm lấy chân Ta, quăng Ta qua bờ bên kia. Tuy vậy, này Hiền giả, hãy hỏi đi như Ông muốn.

11) (Dạ-xoa):

Tham dục và sân hận,
Do nhân gì sanh khởi?
Bất mãn và thỏa mãn,
Sợ hãi từ đâu sanh?
Từ đâu được khởi lên,
Các tư tưởng, tư duy,
Như quạ được bầy trẻ, (2)
Thả bay rồi kéo lại?

9-11) “I’ll ask you a question, ascetic. If you won’t answer me, I’ll drive you insane or I’ll split your heart or I’ll grab you by the feet and hurl you across the Ganges.”

–“I do not see anyone in this world, friend, with its devas, Māra, and Brahmā, in this generation with its ascetics and brahmins, its devas and humans, who could drive me insane or split my heart or grab me by the feet and hurl me across the Ganges. But ask whatever you want, friend.”

808. “What is the source of lust and hatred?

Whence spring discontent, delight, and terror?

Having arisen from what do the mind’s thoughts

[Toss one around] as boys toss up a crow?” (566) <447>

♦ “rāgo ca doso ca itonidānā,

♦ aratī ratī lomahaṃso itojā.

♦ ito samuṭṭhāya manovitakkā,

♦ kumārakā dhaṅkamivossajanti.

♦ “snehajā attasambhūtā, nigrodhasseva khandhajā.

♦ puthū visattā kāmesu, māluvāva vitatā {vitthatā (syā. kaṃ.)} vane.

♦ “ye naṃ pajānanti yatonidānaṃ,

♦ te naṃ vinodenti suṇohi yakkha.

♦ te duttaraṃ oghamimaṃ taranti,

♦ atiṇṇapubbaṃ apunabbhavāyā”ti.

12) (Thế Tôn):

Tham dục và sân hận,
Do nhân này sanh khởi,
Bất mãn và thỏa mãn,
Sợ hãi từ đây sanh.
Từ đây được khởi lên,
Các tư tưởng, tư duy,
Như quạ được bầy trẻ,
Thả bay rồi kéo lại.
Chính do tham ái sanh,
Chính do tự ngã sanh.
Như cây nigroda (cây bàng),
Do từ thân cây sanh.
Phàm phu bám ác dục,
Như cây leo khắp rừng.
Những ai hiểu biết được,
Do nhân ấy sanh khởi,
Họ diệt trừ nhân ấy.
Hãy nghe, này Dạ-xoa,
Họ vượt bộc lưu này,
Bộc lưu thật khó vượt,
Từ trước chưa vượt qua,
Không còn phải tái sanh.

12) [The Blessed One:]

809. “Lust and hatred have their source here;

From this spring discontent, delight, and terror;

Having arisen from this, the mind’s thoughts

[Toss one around] as boys toss up a crow. (567)

810. “Sprung from affection, arisen from oneself,

Like the trunk-born shoots of the banyan tree;

Manifold, clinging to sensual pleasures,

Like a māluvā creeper stretched across the woods. (568) [208]

811. “Those who understand their source,

They dispel it—listen, O yakkha!—

They cross this flood so hard to cross,

Uncrossed before, for no renewed existence.” (569)

 

♦ 4. Maṇibhaddasuttaṃ (SN 10.4) – IV. Maṇibhadda (S. i, 208) – 4. Maṇibhadda

♦ 238. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā magadhesu viharati maṇimālike cetiye maṇibhaddassa yakkhassa bhavane. atha kho maṇibhaddo yakkho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavato santike imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsi —

♦ “satīmato sadā bhaddaṃ, satimā sukhamedhati.

♦ satīmato suve seyyo, verā ca parimuccatī”ti.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn trú giữa dân chúng Magadha, tại điện thờ Maṇimālaka, tại một trú xứ của Dạ-xoa Maṇibhadda.

2) Rồi Dạ-xoa Maṇibhadda đi đến Thế Tôn, sau khi đến, nói lên bài kệ này trước mặt Thế Tôn:

Lành thay, thường chánh niệm,
Nhờ niệm, lạc tăng trưởng.
Có niệm, mai đẹp hơn,
Hận thù được giải thoát.

1-2) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling among the Magadhans at the Maṇimālaka Shrine, the haunt of the yakkha Maṇibhadda.

Then the yakkha Maṇibhadda approached the Blessed One and in the Blessed One’s presence recited this verse:

812. “It is always good for the mindful one,

The mindful one thrives in happiness.

It is better each day for the mindful one,

And he is freed from enmity.” (570)

♦ “satīmato sadā bhaddaṃ, satimā sukhamedhati.

♦ satīmato suve seyyo, verā na parimuccati.

♦ “yassa sabbamahorattaṃ {rattiṃ (syā. kaṃ. ka.)}, ahiṃsāya rato mano.

♦ mettaṃ so sabbabhūtesu, veraṃ tassa na kenacī”ti.

3) (Thế Tôn):

Lành thay, thường chánh niệm,
Nhờ niệm, lạc tăng trưởng,
Có niệm, mai đẹp hơn,
Hận thù chưa giải thoát.
Với ai trọn ngày đêm,
Tâm ý lạc, bất hại,
Từ tâm mọi hữu tình,
Vị ấy không thù hận.

3) [The Blessed One:] <448>

813. “It is always good for the mindful one,

The mindful one thrives in happiness.

It is better each day for the mindful one,

But he is not freed from enmity.

814. “One whose mind all day and night

Takes delight in harmlessness,

Who has lovingkindness for all beings—

For him there is enmity with none.” (571)

 

♦ 5. Sānusuttaṃ (SN 10.5) – V. Sānu (S. i, 209) – 5. Sānu

♦ 239. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. tena kho pana samayena aññatarissā upāsikāya sānu nāma putto yakkhena gahito hoti. atha kho sā upāsikā paridevamānā tāyaṃ velāyaṃ imā gāthāyo abhāsi —

♦ “cātuddasiṃ pañcadasiṃ, yā ca pakkhassa aṭṭhamī.

♦ pāṭihāriyapakkhañca, aṭṭhaṅgasusamāgataṃ.

♦ “uposathaṃ upavasanti, brahmacariyaṃ caranti ye.

♦ na tehi yakkhā kīḷanti, iti me arahataṃ sutaṃ.

♦ sā dāni ajja passāmi, yakkhā kīḷanti sānunā”ti.

♦ “cātuddasiṃ pañcadasiṃ, yā ca pakkhassa aṭṭhamī.

♦ pāṭihāriyapakkhañca, aṭṭhaṅgasusamāgataṃ.

♦ uposathaṃ upavasanti, brahmacariyaṃ caranti ye.

♦ “na tehi yakkhā kīḷanti, sāhu te arahataṃ sutaṃ.

♦ sānuṃ pabuddhaṃ vajjāsi, yakkhānaṃ vacanaṃ idaṃ.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Sāvatthī, Jetavana, tại vườn ông Anāthapiṇḍika.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, Sānu, con một nữ cư sĩ bị Dạ-xoa ám ảnh.

3) Nữ cư sĩ ấy than khóc, ngay lúc ấy nói lên bài kệ này:

Con ta là La-hán,
Ðối với ta là vậy,
Và chính ta được nghe,
Vị La-hán nói vậy.
Nay ta thấy Sānu,
Bị Dạ-xoa ám ảnh.
Ngày mười bốn, mười lăm,
Và ngày tám nửa tháng,
Cả ngày lễ đặc biệt,
Khéo tu tám trai giới,
Tuân trì lễ Bố-tát.
Và chính ta được nghe,
Vị La-hán nói vậy,
Nay ta thấy Sānu,
Bị Dạ-xoa ám ảnh.
Ngày mười bốn, mười lăm,
Và ngày tám nửa tháng,
Cả ngày lễ đặc biệt,
Khéo tu tám trai giới,
Tuân trì lễ Bố-tát.

1-3) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Park.

Now on that occasion a certain female lay follower had a son named Sānu who had been possessed by a yakkha. (572)

Then that female lay follower, lamenting, on that occasion recited these verses:

816. “With those who lead the holy life, (573)

Who observe the Uposatha days

Complete in eight factors

On the fourteenth or fifteenth,

817. And on the eighths of the fortnight, <449>

And during special periods,

The yakkhas do not sport around:

So I have heard from the arahants.

But now today I see for myself

The yakkhas sporting with Sānu.”

♦ mākāsi pāpakaṃ kammaṃ, āvi vā yadi vā raho.

♦ “sace ca {saceva (syā. kaṃ. pī. ka.), yañceva (sī.)} pāpakaṃ kammaṃ, karissasi karosi vā.

♦ na te dukkhā pamutyatthi, uppaccāpi palāyato”ti.

♦ “mataṃ vā amma rodanti, yo vā jīvaṃ na dissati.

♦ jīvantaṃ amma passantī, kasmā maṃ amma rodasī”ti.

♦ “mataṃ vā putta rodanti, yo vā jīvaṃ na dissati.

♦ yo ca kāme cajitvāna, punarāgacchate idha.

Những ai sống Phạm hạnh,
Dạ-xoa không ám ảnh,
Và chính ta được nghe,
Vị La-hán nói vậy.
Người nói với Sānu,
Có trí và sáng suốt,
Ðây là lời Dạ-xoa,
Chớ có làm điều ác,
Công khai hay bí mật.
Nếu người làm điều ác,
Sẽ làm hay đang làm,
Ông không thoát khổ đau,
Dầu có đứng lên chạy,
Chạy một mạch, chạy dài.

[The yakkha that has entered Sānu:] [209]

818. “With those who lead the holy life,

Who observe the Uposatha days

Complete in eight factors

On the fourteenth or fifteenth,

819. And on the eighths of the fortnight,

And during special periods,

The yakkhas do not sport around:

What you heard from the arahants is good.

820. “When Sānu has awakened tell him

This injunction of the yakkhas: <450>

Do not do an evil deed

Either openly or in secret.

821. If you should do an evil deed,

Or if you are doing one now,

You won’t be free from suffering

Though you fly up and flee.” (574)

♦ taṃ vāpi putta rodanti, puna jīvaṃ mato hi so.

♦ “kukkuḷā ubbhato tāta, kukkuḷaṃ {kukkuḷe (sī.)} patitumicchasi.

♦ narakā ubbhato tāta, narakaṃ patitumicchasi.

♦ “abhidhāvatha bhaddante, kassa ujjhāpayāmase.

♦ ādittā nīhataṃ {nibbhataṃ (syā. kaṃ. ka.), nibhataṃ (pī. ka.)} bhaṇḍaṃ, puna ḍayhitumicchasī”ti.

4) (Sānu được khỏi ám ảnh):

Này mẹ, người ta khóc,
Là khóc cho người chết,
Hay khóc cho người sống,
Nhưng không được thấy mặt?
Này mẹ, chúng thấy con,
Hiện có mặt đang sống.
Vậy sao mẹ khóc con,
Này người mẹ thân yêu?

4) [Sānu:] (575)

822. “They weep, mother, for the dead

Or for one living who isn’t seen.

When you see, mother, that I’m alive,

Why, O mother, do you weep for me?”

 

5) (Bà mẹ):

Người ta khóc cho con,
Là khóc cho con chết,
Hay khóc cho con sống,
Nhưng không được thấy mặt.
Ai đã bỏ dục vọng,
Lại trở lui đời này,
Này con, người ta khóc,
Là khóc cho người ấy,
Vì người ấy được xem,
Còn sống cũng như chết.
Nay con được kéo ra,
Khỏi than hừng đỏ rực,
Con còn muốn rơi vào,
Ðống than hồng ấy chăng?
Nay con được thoát ra,
Khỏi địa ngục đau khổ,
Con còn muốn rơi vào,
Cõi địa ngục ấy chăng?
Hãy dong ruổi đời con,
Ta chúc con hạnh phúc,
Hãy sống như thế nào,
Không làm ai bực phiền.
Ðồ vật thoát lửa cháy,
Con muốn đốt lại chăng?

5) [Sānu′s mother:]

823. “They weep, O son, for the dead

Or for one living who isn’t seen;

But when one returns to the home life

After renouncing sensual pleasures,

They weep for this one too, my son,

For though alive he’s really dead. (576)

824. “Drawn out, my dear, from hot embers, <451>

You wish to plunge into hot embers;

Drawn out, my dear, from an inferno,

You wish to plunge into an inferno. (577)

825. “Run forward, good luck be with you!

To whom could we voice our grief?

Being an item rescued from the fire,

You wish to be burnt again.” (578)

 

♦ 6. Piyaṅkarasuttaṃ (SN 10.6) – VI. Piyaṅkara (S. i, 209) – 6. Piyaṅkara

♦ 240. ekaṃ samayaṃ āyasmā anuruddho sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. tena kho pana samayena āyasmā anuruddho rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ paccuṭṭhāya dhammapadāni bhāsati. atha kho piyaṅkaramātā yakkhinī puttakaṃ evaṃ tosesi —

♦ “mā saddaṃ kari piyaṅkara, bhikkhu dhammapadāni bhāsati.

♦ api {api (sī.)} ca dhammapadaṃ vijāniya, paṭipajjema hitāya no siyā.

♦ “pāṇesu ca saṃyamāmase, sampajānamusā na bhaṇāmase.

♦ sikkhema susīlyamattano {susīlamattano (sī. ka.)}, api muccema pisācayoniyā”ti.

1) Một thời Tôn giả Anuruddha trú ở Sāvatthī, Jetavana, tại vườn ông Anāthapiṇḍika.

2) Lúc bấy giờ Tôn giả Anuruddha thức dậy khi đêm vừa mới sáng, đang tụng đọc pháp cú.

3) Một nữ Dạ-xoa, mẹ của Piyaṅkara dỗ cho con nín như sau:

Này Piyaṅkara,
Chớ có sanh tiếng động,
Vị Tỷ-kheo đang tụng,
Những lời về pháp cú.
Nếu chúng ta biết được,
Học được pháp cú này,
Rồi như pháp hành trì,
Chúng ta được lợi ích.
Không sát hại sanh vật,
Không cố ý nói láo,
Tự học tập giới luật,
Chúng ta thoát ngạ quỷ.

1-3) On one occasion the Venerable Anuruddha was dwelling at Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Park.

Now on that occasion the Venerable Anuruddha, having risen at the first flush of dawn, was reciting stanzas of Dhamma.

Then the female yakkha Piyaṅkara’s Mother hushed her little child thus: (579)

826. “Do not make a sound, Piyaṅkara,

A bhikkhu recites Dhamma-stanzas <452>

Having understood a Dhamma-stanza,

We might practise for our welfare.

827. “Let us refrain from harming living beings,

Let us not speak a deliberate lie,

We should train ourselves in virtue:

Perhaps we’ll be freed from the goblin realm.”

 

♦ 7. Punabbasusuttaṃ (SN 10.7) – VII. Punabbasu (S. i, 209) – 7. Punabbasu

♦ 241. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. tena kho pana samayena bhagavā bhikkhū nibbānapaṭisaṃyuttāya dhammiyā kathāya sandasseti samādapeti samuttejeti sampahaṃseti. te ca bhikkhū aṭṭhiṃ katvā manasi katvā sabbacetasā samannāharitvā ohitasotā dhammaṃ suṇanti. atha kho punabbasumātā yakkhinī puttake evaṃ tosesi —

♦ “tuṇhī uttarike hohi, tuṇhī hohi punabbasu.

♦ yāvāhaṃ buddhaseṭṭhassa, dhammaṃ sossāmi satthuno.

♦ “nibbānaṃ bhagavā āha, sabbaganthappamocanaṃ.

♦ ativelā ca me hoti, asmiṃ dhamme piyāyanā.

♦ “piyo loke sako putto, piyo loke sako pati.

♦ tato piyatarā mayhaṃ, assa dhammassa magganā.

♦ “na hi putto pati vāpi, piyo dukkhā pamocaye.

♦ yathā saddhammassavanaṃ, dukkhā moceti pāṇinaṃ.

♦ “loke dukkhaparetasmiṃ, jarāmaraṇasaṃyute.

♦ jarāmaraṇamokkhāya, yaṃ dhammaṃ abhisambudhaṃ.

♦ taṃ dhammaṃ sotumicchāmi, tuṇhī hohi punabbasū”ti.

♦ “ammā na byāharissāmi, tuṇhībhūtāyamuttarā.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Sāvatthī, Jetavana, tại vườn ông Anāthapiṇḍika.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, Thế Tôn đang thuyết pháp cho chúng Tỷ-kheo về vấn đề liên hệ đến Niết-bàn, tuyên thuyết, khích lệ, làm cho phấn khởi, làm cho hoan hỷ. Và các Tỷ-kheo ấy chú tâm, chú ý, tập trung mọi tâm tư, lóng tai nghe pháp.

3) Rồi một nữ Dạ-xoa, mẹ Punabbasu dỗ con nín như sau:

Hãy gìn giữ im lặng,
Này Uttarikā!
Hãy gìn giữ im lặng,
Này Punabbasu!
Ðể mẹ được nghe pháp.
Ðạo Sư, tối thượng Phật,
Thế Tôn giảng Niết-bàn,
Thoát ly mọi triền phược,
Mẹ đối với pháp ấy,
Thật cực kỳ ái lạc.
Ðời ái lạc con mình,
Ðời ái lạc chồng mình,
Nhưng đối với đạo pháp,
Mẹ ái lạc nhiều hơn.
Con hay chồng dầu thân,
Không cứu ta thoát khổ,
Không như nghe diệu pháp,
Chúng sanh được thoát khổ.
Trong đau khổ đời sau,
Dính liền già và chết,
Chánh pháp Ngài giác ngộ,
Giải thoát khỏi già chết.
Mẹ muốn nghe pháp ấy
Hãy nín đi con ơi!
Này Punabbasu.

1-3) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Park. [210]

Now on that occasion the Blessed One was instructing, exhorting, inspiring, and gladdening the bhikkhus with a Dhamma talk concerning Nibbāna. And those bhikkhus were listening to the Dhamma with eager ears, attending to it as a matter of vital concern, applying their whole mind to it.

Then the female yakkha Punabbasu’s Mother hushed her little children thus: (580)

828. “Be quiet, Uttarikā,

Be quiet, Punabbasu!  <453>

I wish to listen to the Dhamma

Of the Teacher, the Supreme Buddha.

829. “When the Blessed One speaks of Nibbāna,

Release from all the knots,

There has arisen within me

Deep affection for this Dhamma.

830 .“In the world one’s own son is dear,

In the world one’s own husband is dear;

But for me the quest for this

Dhamma Has become even dearer than them.

831. “For neither one’s own son nor husband,

Though dear, can release one from suffering

As listening to true Dhamma frees one

From the suffering of living beings. (581)

832. “In this world steeped in suffering,

Fettered by aging and death,

I wish to listen to the Dhamma

That he—the Buddha—fully awakened to,

For freedom from aging and death.

So be quiet, Punabbasu!” (582) <454>

♦ dhammameva nisāmehi, saddhammassavanaṃ sukhaṃ.

♦ saddhammassa anaññāya, ammā dukkhaṃ carāmase.

4) (Punabbasu):

Thưa mẹ, con không nói,
Uttarā nín lặng.
Mẹ hãy lắng nghe pháp,
Nghe pháp được an lạc.
Vì không biết diệu pháp,
Chúng ta trôi sanh tử.
Giữa Nhân, Thiên mù quáng,
Ngài đem cho ánh sáng,
Giác ngộ, thân tối hậu,
Bậc Pháp nhãn thuyết pháp.

4) [Punabbasu:]

833. “Mother dear, I am not talking;

This Uttarā is silent, too.

Pay attention only to the Dhamma,

For listening to true Dhamma is pleasant.

Because we have not known true

Dhamma We’ve been living miserably, mother.

834. “He is the maker of light

For bewildered devas and humans;

Enlightened, bearing his final body,

The One with Vision teaches the Dhamma.”

♦ “esa devamanussānaṃ, sammūḷhānaṃ pabhaṅkaro.

♦ buddho antimasārīro, dhammaṃ deseti cakkhumā”ti.

♦ “sādhu kho paṇḍito nāma, putto jāto uresayo.

♦ putto me buddhaseṭṭhassa, dhammaṃ suddhaṃ piyāyati.

♦ “punabbasu sukhī hohi, ajjāhamhi samuggatā.

♦ diṭṭhāni ariyasaccāni, uttarāpi suṇātu me”ti.

5) (Bà mẹ):

Hữu trí thay, con ta!
Con ta sanh ẵm ngực.
Nay con ta ái lạc,
Tịnh pháp Vô thượng Phật.
Này Punabbasu!
Hãy sống chơn an lạc,
Nay ta được sống lại,
Thấy được chơn Thánh đế,
Này con Uttarā!
Hãy nghe theo lời ta.

5) [Punabbasu’s mother:]

835. “It is good that my son has become so wise,

He whom I bore and nursed at my breast.

My son loves the pure Dhamma

Of the Supremely Enlightened One.

836. “Punabbasu, be happy!

Today I have emerged at last. <455>

Hear me too, O Uttarā:

The noble truths are seen!” (583)

 

♦ 8. Sudattasuttaṃ (SN 10.8) – VIII. Sudatta. (S. i, 210) – 8. Sudatta

♦ 242. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati sītavane. tena kho pana samayena anāthapiṇḍiko gahapati rājagahaṃ anuppatto hoti kenacideva karaṇīyena. assosi kho anāthapiṇḍiko gahapati — “buddho kira loke uppanno”ti. tāvadeva ca pana bhagavantaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamitukāmo hoti. athassa anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa etadahosi — “akālo kho ajja bhagavantaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ. sve dānāhaṃ kālena bhagavantaṃ dassanāya gamissāmī”ti buddhagatāya satiyā nipajji. rattiyā sudaṃ tikkhattuṃ vuṭṭhāsi pabhātanti maññamāno.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn ở Rājagaha (Vương Xá), tại rừng Sīta.

2) Lúc bấy giờ cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika (Cấp Cô Ðộc) đã đến Rājagaha để làm một vài công việc.

3) Cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika được nghe đức Phật đã ra đời và muốn đến yết kiến Thế Tôn.

4) Rồi cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika suy nghĩ: "Nay không phải thời để yết kiến Thế Tôn. Ngày mai mới phải thời ta đến yết kiến Thế Tôn". Như vậy với ý nghĩ đi yết kiến đức Phật, ông Anāthapiṇḍika nằm ngủ. Trong đêm, ông ấy thức dậy ba lần, tưởng rằng trời đã sáng.

1-4) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha in the Cool Grove.

Now on that occasion the householder Anāthapiṇḍika had arrived in Rājagaha on some business. (584)

He heard: “A Buddha, it is said, has arisen in the world!” He wanted to go and see the Blessed One immediately, [211] but it occurred to him: “It is not the right time to go and see the Blessed One today. I will go and see the Blessed One early tomorrow morning.”

atha kho anāthapiṇḍiko gahapati yena sivathikadvāraṃ {sīvathikadvāraṃ (sī. syā. kaṃ. pī.)} tenupasaṅkami. amanussā dvāraṃ vivariṃsu. atha kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa nagaramhā nikkhamantassa āloko antaradhāyi, andhakāro pāturahosi, bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso udapādi, tatova puna nivattitukāmo ahosi. atha kho sivako {sīvako (sī. pī.)} yakkho antarahito saddamanussāvesi —

♦ “sataṃ hatthī sataṃ assā, sataṃ assatarīrathā.

♦ sataṃ kaññāsahassāni, āmukkamaṇikuṇḍalā.

♦ ekassa padavītihārassa, kalaṃ nāgghanti soḷasiṃ.

♦ “abhikkama gahapati, abhikkama gahapati.

♦ abhikkamanaṃ te seyyo, no paṭikkamanan”ti.

5) Rồi cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika đi đến cửa Sivatthika (nghĩa địa), và có những phi nhân mở cửa.

6) Và khi ông ra khỏi thành phố, ánh sáng biến mất và bóng tối hiện ra. Ông sợ hãi, hoảng hốt, lông tóc dựng ngược và muốn đi trở về.

7) Rồi Dạ-xoa Sīvaka ẩn hình, lên tiếng như sau:

Trăm voi và trăm ngựa,
Trăm xe do ngựa kéo,
Cả trăm ngàn thiếu nữ,
Ðược trang sức bông tai,
Không bằng phần mười sáu,
Một bước đi tới này.
Cư sĩ, hãy tiến tới!
Cư sĩ, hãy tiến tới!
Tiến tới, tốt đẹp hơn,
Chớ có lui, thối bước!

5-7) He lay down with his mindfulness directed to the Buddha, and during the night he got up three times thinking it was morning. Then the householder Anāthapiṇḍika approached the gate of the charnel ground. Nonhuman beings opened the gate. <456>

Then, as the householder Anāthapiṇḍika was leaving the city, the light disappeared and darkness appeared. Fear, trepidation, and terror arose in him and he wanted to turn back.

But the yakkha Sīvaka, invisible, made the proclamation: (585)

837. “A hundred [thousand] elephants,

A hundred [thousand] horses,

A hundred [thousand] mule-drawn chariots,

A hundred thousand maidens

Adorned with jewellery and earrings,

Are not worth a sixteenth part

Of a single step forward. (586)

♦ atha kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa andhakāro antaradhāyi, āloko pāturahosi, yaṃ ahosi bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso, so paṭippassambhi. dutiyampi kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa āloko antaradhāyi, andhakāro pāturahosi, bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso udapādi, tatova puna nivattitukāmo ahosi. dutiyampi kho sivako yakkho antarahito saddamanussāvesi —

♦ “sataṃ hatthī sataṃ assā ... pe ...

♦ kalaṃ nāgghanti soḷasiṃ.

♦ “abhikkama gahapati, abhikkama gahapati.

♦ abhikkamanaṃ te seyyo, no paṭikkamanan”ti.

♦ atha kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa andhakāro antaradhāyi, āloko pāturahosi, yaṃ ahosi bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso, so paṭippassambhi. tatiyampi kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa āloko antaradhāyi, andhakāro pāturahosi, bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso udapādi, tatova puna nivattitukāmo ahosi. tatiyampi kho sivako yakkho antarahito saddamanussāvesi —

♦ “sataṃ hatthī sataṃ assā ... pe ...

♦ kalaṃ nāgghanti soḷasiṃ.

♦ “abhikkama gahapati, abhikkama gahapati.

♦ abhikkamanaṃ te seyyo, no paṭikkamanan”ti.

8) Rồi với Anāthapiṇḍika, tối tăm biến mất, ánh sáng hiện ra. Và sợ hãi, hốt hoảng, lông tóc dựng ngược đã khởi lên được dịu hẳn xuống.

9) Lần thứ hai... (như trên)...

10) Lần thứ ba, với Anāthapiṇḍika, ánh sáng biến mất, bóng tối hiện ra. Và sợ hãi, hoảng hốt, lông tóc dựng ngược khởi lên. Và Anāthapiṇḍika muốn trở lui. Lần thứ ba, Dạ-xoa Sīvaka ẩn hình lên tiếng như sau :

Trăm voi và trăm ngựa,
Trăm xe do ngựa kéo,
Cả trăm ngàn thiếu nữ,
Ðược trang sức bông tai,
Không bằng phần mười sáu,
Một bước đi tới này.
Cư sĩ, hãy tiến tới!
Cư sĩ, hãy tiến tới!
Tiến tới, tốt đẹp hơn,
Chớ có lui, thối bước!

8-10) “Go forward, householder! Go forward, householder!

Going forward is better for you, not turning back again.”

Then the darkness disappeared and light appeared to the householder Anāthapiṇḍika, and the fear, trepidation, and terror that had arisen in him subsided.

A second time … (verse 838 is included in this repetition) <457> …

A third time the light disappeared and darkness appeared before the householder Anāthapiṇḍika. Fear, trepidation, and terror arose in him and he wanted to turn back. But a third time the yakkha Sīvaka, invisible, made the proclamation:

839. “A hundred [thousand] elephants …

Of a single step forward.

 

“Go forward, householder! Go forward, householder!

Going forward is better for you, not turning back again.”

♦ atha kho anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa andhakāro antaradhāyi, āloko pāturahosi, yaṃ ahosi bhayaṃ chambhitattaṃ lomahaṃso, so paṭippassambhi. atha kho anāthapiṇḍiko gahapati yena sītavanaṃ yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami.

♦ tena kho pana samayena bhagavā rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ paccuṭṭhāya abbhokāse caṅkamati. addasā kho bhagavā anāthapiṇḍikaṃ gahapatiṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. disvāna caṅkamā orohitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi. nisajja kho bhagavā anāthapiṇḍikaṃ gahapatiṃ etadavoca — “ehi sudattā”ti.

11) Rồi với Anāthapiṇḍika, bóng tối biến mất, ánh sáng hiện ra và sợ hãi, hoảng hốt, lông tóc dựng ngược đã khởi lên được dịu bớt.

12) Rồi Anāthapiṇḍika đi đến rừng Sīta, đi đến Thế Tôn.

13) Lúc bấy giờ Thế Tôn thức dậy vào lúc đêm vừa mãn và đang đi kinh hành ngoài trời.

14) Thế Tôn thấy Anāthapiṇḍika từ xa đi đến, khi thấy vậy, từ chỗ kinh hành đi xuống, và ngồi trên chỗ đã soạn sẵn. Sau khi ngồi, Thế Tôn nói với cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika:

-- Hãy đến đây, Sudatta!

11-14) Then the darkness [212] disappeared and light appeared to the householder Anāthapiṇḍika, and the fear, trepidation, and terror that had arisen in him subsided.

Then the householder Anāthapiṇḍika approached the Blessed One in the Cool Grove.

Now on that occasion the Blessed One, having risen at the first flush of dawn, was walking back and forth in the open.

The Blessed One saw the householder Anāthapiṇḍika coming in the distance. He descended from the walkway, sat down in the seat that was prepared, and said to the householder Anāthapiṇḍika:

–“Come, Sudatta.” (587)

atha kho anāthapiṇḍiko gahapati, nāmena maṃ bhagavā ālapatīti, haṭṭho udaggo tattheva bhagavato pādesu sirasā nipatitvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “kacci, bhante, bhagavā sukhamasayitthā”ti?

♦ “sabbadā ve sukhaṃ seti, brāhmaṇo parinibbuto.

♦ yo na limpati kāmesu, sītibhūto nirūpadhi.

♦ “sabbā āsattiyo chetvā, vineyya hadaye daraṃ.

♦ upasanto sukhaṃ seti, santiṃ pappuyya cetasā”ti {cetasoti (sī.)}.

15) Rồi cư sĩ Anāthapiṇḍika nghĩ: "Thế Tôn kêu tên ta", rồi cúi đầu đảnh lễ chân Thế Tôn và bạch Thế Tôn:

-- Bạch Thế Tôn, Thế Tôn ngủ có an lạc chăng?

(Thế Tôn):

Bà-la-môn tịch tịnh,
Luôn luôn sống an lạc,
Không đèo bồng dục vọng,
Thanh lương, không sanh y,
Mọi ái trước đoạn diệt,
Tâm khổ não điều phục,
Tịch tịnh, sống an lạc,
Tâm tư đạt hòa bình.

15) Then the householder Anāthapiṇḍika, thinking, “The Blessed One has addressed me by my name,” [thrilled and elated], (588) prostrated himself right on the spot with his head at the Blessed One’s feet <458> and said to him:

–“I hope, venerable sir, that the Blessed One slept well.”

[The Blessed One:]

840. “Always indeed he sleeps well,

The brahmin who is fully quenched,

Who does not cling to sensual pleasures,

Cool at heart, without acquisitions.

841. “Having cut off all attachments,

Having removed care from the heart,

The peaceful one sleeps well,

Having attained peace of mind.” (589)

 

♦ 9. Paṭhamasukkāsuttaṃ (SN 10.9) – IX. Sukkā (S. i, 212) – 9. Sukkā (1)

♦ 243. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati veḷuvane kalandakanivāpe. tena kho pana samayena sukkā bhikkhunī mahatiyā parisāya parivutā dhammaṃ deseti. atha kho sukkāya bhikkhuniyā abhippasanno yakkho rājagahe rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā tāyaṃ velāyaṃ imā gāthāyo abhāsi —

♦ “kiṃ me katā rājagahe manussā, madhupītāva seyare.

♦ ye sukkaṃ na payirupāsanti, desentiṃ amataṃ padaṃ.

♦ “tañca pana appaṭivānīyaṃ, asecanakamojavaṃ.

♦ pivanti maññe sappaññā, valāhakamiva panthagū”ti {valāhakamivaddhagūti (sī.)}.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Rājagaha (Vương Xá), tại Veḷuvana (Trúc Lâm), chỗ nuôi dưỡng các con sóc.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, Tỷ-kheo-ni Sukkā, có đại chúng đoanh vây, đang thuyết pháp.

3) Rồi một Dạ-xoa có lòng tịnh tín đối với Tỷ-kheo-ni Sukkā, đi từ đường xe này đến đường xe khác, đi từ ngã tư này đến ngã tư khác ở Rājagaha, và ngay lúc ấy, nói lên những bài kệ này:

Này người Vương Xá thành,
Các Người đã làm gì,
Mà nay lại nằm dài,
Như say vì rượu ngọt.
Không hầu hạ Sukkā,
Ðang thuyết pháp bất tử?
Pháp ấy không trở lui, (3)
Cam lồ không lưng vơi. (4)
Ta nghĩ người trí tuệ
Uống nước (cam lồ) ấy,
Chẳng khác một đám mưa,

1-3) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha in the Bamboo Grove, the Squirrel Sanctuary.

Now on that occasion the bhikkhunī Sukkā, surrounded by a large assembly, was teaching the Dhamma.

Then a yakkha who had full confidence in the bhikkhunī Sukkā, going from street to street and from square to square in Rājagaha, on that occasion recited these verses:

842. “What has happened to these people in Rājagaha? <459>

They sleep as if they’ve been drinking mead.

Why don’t they attend on Sukkā

As she teaches the deathless state? (590)

843. “But the wise, as it were, drink it up—

That [Dhamma] irresistible,

Ambrosial, nutritious—

As travellers do a cloud.” (591)

 

♦ 10. Dutiyasukkāsuttaṃ (SN 10.10) – X. Sukkā (S. i, 212) – 10. Sukkā (2)

♦ 244. ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati veḷuvane kalandakanivāpe. tena kho pana samayena aññataro upāsako sukkāya bhikkhuniyā bhojanaṃ adāsi. atha kho sukkāya bhikkhuniyā abhippasanno yakkho rājagahe rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā tāyaṃ velāyaṃ imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsi —

♦ “puññaṃ vata pasavi bahuṃ, sappañño vatāyaṃ upāsako.

♦ yo sukkāya adāsi bhojanaṃ, sabbaganthehi vippamuttiyā”ti {vippamuttāyāti (syā. kaṃ.)}.

1) Một thời Thế Tôn ở Rājagaha, tại Veḷuvana, chỗ nuôi dưỡng các con sóc.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, một người cư sĩ đang cúng dường đồ ăn cho Tỷ-kheo-ni Sukkā.

3) Rồi một Dạ-xoa, khởi lòng tịnh tín đối với Tỷ-kheo-ni Sukkā, liền đi từ đường xe này đến đường xe khác, đi từ ngã ba này ba khác ở Rājagaha, ngay lúc ấy nói lên bài kệ này:

Cư sĩ có trí này,
Chắc hưởng nhiều công đức,
Ðã cúng dường món ăn,
Dâng cúng lên Sukkā,
Một vị đã giải thoát,
Tất cả mọi triền phược.

1-3) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha in the Bamboo Grove, the Squirrel Sanctuary. [213]

Now on that occasion a certain lay follower gave food to the bhikkhunī Sukkā. Then a yakkha who had full confidence in the bhikkhunī Sukkā, going from street to street and from square to square in Rājagaha, on that occasion recited this verse:

844. “He has engendered much merit—

Wise indeed is this lay follower,

Who just gave food to Sukkā, <460>

One released from all the knots.” (592)

 

♦ 11. Cīrāsuttaṃ (SN 10.11) – XI. Cīrā hay Vīrā (S. i, 215) – 11. Cīrā

♦ 245. evaṃ me sutaṃ — ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā rājagahe viharati veḷuvane kalandakanivāpe. tena kho pana samayena aññataro upāsako cīrāya {cirāya (ka.)} bhikkhuniyā cīvaraṃ adāsi. atha kho cīrāya bhikkhuniyā abhippasanno yakkho rājagahe rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā tāyaṃ velāyaṃ imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsi —

♦ “puññaṃ vata pasavi bahuṃ, sappañño vatāyaṃ upāsako.

♦ yo cīrāya adāsi cīvaraṃ, sabbayogehi vippamuttiyā”ti {vippamuttāyāti (syā. kaṃ.)}.

1) Như vầy tôi nghe.

Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Rājagaha (Vương Xá), tại Veḷuvana (Trúc Lâm), chỗ nuôi dưỡng các con sóc.

2) Lúc bấy giờ, một cư sĩ dâng y cúng dường Tỷ-kheo-ni Cīrā.

3) Rồi một Dạ-xoa, khởi lòng tịnh tín đối với Tỷ-kheo-ni Cīrā, liền đi từ đường xe này đến đường xe khác, từ ngã ba này đến ngã ba khác tại thành Vương Xá, ngay lúc ấy nói lên bài kệ này:

Cư sĩ có trí này,
Chắc hưởng nhiều công đức,
Ðã cúng dường tấm y,
Dâng cúng lên Cīrā,
Một vị đã giải thoát,
Tất cả mọi khổ ách.

1-3) On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rājagaha in the Bamboo Grove, the Squirrel Sanctuary.

Now on that occasion a certain lay follower gave a robe to the bhikkhunī Cīrā. Then a yakkha who had full confidence in the bhikkhunī Cīrā, going from street to street and from square to square in Rājagaha, on that occasion recited this verse:

845. “He has engendered much merit—

Wise indeed is this lay follower,

Who just gave a robe to Cīrā,

One released from all the bonds.”

 

♦ 12. Āḷavakasuttaṃ (SN 10.12) – XII. Āḷava (S. i, 218) – 12. Āḷavaka

♦ 246. evaṃ me sutaṃ — ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā āḷaviyaṃ viharati āḷavakassa yakkhassa bhavane. atha kho āḷavako yakkho yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “nikkhama, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā nikkhami. “pavisa, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā pāvisi.

1) Như vầy tôi nghe.

Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Āḷavī, tại trú xứ của Dạ-xoa Āḷavakka.

2) Rồi Dạ-xoa Āḷavaka nói với Thế Tôn:

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi ra!

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi ra.

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi vào.

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi vào.

1-2) Thus have I heard.

On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Āḷavī, the haunt of the yakkha Āḷavaka. (593)

Then the yakkha Āḷavaka approached the

Blessed One and said to him:

–“Get out, ascetic!” <461>

–“All right, friend,” the Blessed One said, and he went out. (594)

— “Come in, ascetic.”

— “All right, friend,” the Blessed One said, and he went in.

dutiyampi kho āḷavako yakkho bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “nikkhama, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā nikkhami. “pavisa, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā pāvisi. tatiyampi kho āḷavako yakkho bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “nikkhama, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā nikkhami. “pavisa, samaṇā”ti. “sādhāvuso”ti bhagavā pāvisi. catutthampi kho āḷavako yakkho bhagavantaṃ etadavoca — “nikkhama, samaṇā”ti. “na khvāhaṃ taṃ, āvuso, nikkhamissāmi. yaṃ te karaṇīyaṃ taṃ karohī”ti.

3) Lần thứ hai, Dạ-xoa Āḷavaka nói với Thế Tôn:

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi ra.

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi ra.

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi vào.

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi vào.

4) Lần thứ ba, Dạ-xoa Āḷavika nói với Thế Tôn:

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi ra.

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi ra.

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi vào.

-- Lành thay, Hiền giả.

Thế Tôn nói và đi vào.

5) Lần thứ tư, Dạ-xoa Āḷavika nói với Thế Tôn:

-- Này Sa-môn, hãy đi ra.

6) -- Này Hiền giả, Ta không đi ra. Hãy làm gì Ông nghĩ là phải làm.

3-6) A second time … [214] A third time the yakkha Āḷavaka said to the Blessed One: –“Get out, ascetic!”

–“All right, friend,” the Blessed One said, and he went out.

–“Come in, ascetic.”

–“All right, friend,” the Blessed One said, and he went in.

A fourth time the yakkha Āḷavaka said to the Blessed One:

–“Get out, ascetic.”

–“I won’t go out, friend. Do whatever you have to do.”

“pañhaṃ taṃ, samaṇa, pucchissāmi. sace me na byākarissasi, cittaṃ vā te khipissāmi, hadayaṃ vā te phālessāmi, pādesu vā gahetvā pāragaṅgāya khipissāmī”ti. “na khvāhaṃ taṃ, āvuso, passāmi sadevake loke samārake sabrahmake sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiyā pajāya sadevamanussāya, ye me cittaṃ vā khipeyya hadayaṃ vā phāleyya, pādesu vā gahetvā pāragaṅgāya khipeyya. api ca tvaṃ, āvuso, puccha yadā kaṅkhasī”ti {(atha kho āḷavako yakkho bhagavantaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi.) (sī.)}.

♦ “kiṃsūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ, kiṃsu suciṇṇaṃ sukhamāvahāti.

♦ kiṃsu have sādutaraṃ rasānaṃ, kathaṃjīviṃ jīvitamāhu seṭṭhan”ti.

7) -- Này Sa-môn, ta sẽ hỏi Ông một câu hỏi. Nếu Ông không trả lời ta được, ta sẽ làm tâm Ông điên loạn, hay ta làm Ông bể tim, hay nắm lấy chân, ta sẽ quăng Ông qua bờ bên kia sông Hằng.

8) -- Này Hiền giả, Ta không thấy một ai, ở thế giới chư Thiên, Ma giới hay Phạm thiên giới, với chúng Sa-môn, Bà-la-môn, với chư Thiên và loài Người có thể làm tâm Ta điên loạn, hay làm bể tim Ta hay nắm lấy chân, quăng Ta qua bờ bên kia sông Hằng. Tuy vậy, này Hiền giả, hãy hỏi đi như Ông muốn.

9) (Dạ-xoa):

Cái gì đối người đời,
Là tài sản tối thượng?
Cái gì khéo hành trì,
Ðem lại chơn an lạc?
Cái gì giữa các vị,
Là vị ngọt tối thượng?
Phải sống như thế nào,
Ðược gọi sống tối thượng?

7-9) “I’ll ask you a question, ascetic. If you won’t answer me, I’ll drive you insane or I’ll split your heart or I’ll grab you by the feet and hurl you across the Ganges.” (595)

“I do not see anyone in this world, friend, with its devas, Māra, and Brahmā, in this generation with its ascetics and brahmins, its devas and humans, who could drive me insane or split my heart or grab me by the feet and hurl me across the Ganges. But ask whatever you want, friend.” (596)

[Āḷavaka:] <462>

846. “What here is a man’s best treasure?

What practised well brings happiness?

What is really the sweetest of tastes?

How lives the one who they say lives best?”

♦ “saddhīdha vittaṃ purissa seṭṭhaṃ, dhammo suciṇṇo sukhamāvahāti.

♦ saccaṃ have sādutaraṃ rasānaṃ, paññājīviṃ jīvitamāhu seṭṭhan”ti.

10) (Thế Tôn):

Lòng tin đối người đời,
Là tài sản tối thượng.
Chánh pháp khéo hành trì,
Ðem lại chơn an lạc.
Chân lý giữa các vị,
Là vị ngọt tối thượng.
Phải sống với trí tuệ,
Ðược gọi sống tối thượng.

10) [The Blessed One:]

847. “Faith is here a man’s best treasure;

Dhamma practised well brings happiness;

Truth is really the sweetest of tastes;

One living by wisdom they say lives best.” (597)

♦ “kathaṃsu tarati oghaṃ, kathaṃsu tarati aṇṇavaṃ.

♦ kathaṃsu dukkhamacceti, kathaṃsu parisujjhatī”ti.

11) (Dạ-xoa):

Làm sao vượt bộc lưu?
Làm sao vượt biển lớn?
Làm sao siêu khổ não?
Làm sao được thanh tịnh?

11) [Āḷavaka:]

848. “How does one cross over the flood?

How does one cross the rugged sea?

How does one overcome suffering?

How is one purified?”

♦ “saddhāya tarati oghaṃ, appamādena aṇṇavaṃ.

♦ vīriyena dukkhamacceti, paññāya parisujjhatī”ti.

12) (Thế Tôn):

Với tín, vượt bộc lưu.
Không phóng dật, vượt biển.
Tinh tấn, siêu khổ não.
Với Trí, được thanh tịnh.

12) [The Blessed One:]

849. “By faith one crosses over the flood,

By diligence, the rugged sea.

By energy one overcomes suffering,

By wisdom one is purified.” (598)

♦ “kathaṃsu labhate paññaṃ, kathaṃsu vindate dhanaṃ.

♦ kathaṃsu kittiṃ pappoti, kathaṃ mittāni ganthati.

♦ asmā lokā paraṃ lokaṃ, kathaṃ pecca na socatī”ti.

13) (Dạ-xoa):

Làm sao được trí tuệ?
Làm sao được tài sản?
Làm sao đạt danh xưng?
Làm sao kết bạn hữu?
Ðời này qua đời khác,
Làm sao không sầu khổ?

13) [Āḷavaka:]

850. “How does one gain wisdom? (599)

How does one find wealth <463>

How does one achieve acclaim?

How bind friends to oneself?

When passing from this world to the next,

How does one not sorrow?”

♦ “saddahāno arahataṃ, dhammaṃ nibbānapattiyā.

♦ sussūsaṃ {sussūsā (sī. pī.)} labhate paññaṃ, appamatto vicakkhaṇo.

♦ “patirūpakārī dhuravā, uṭṭhātā vindate dhanaṃ.

♦ saccena kittiṃ pappoti, dadaṃ mittāni ganthati.

♦ asmā lokā paraṃ lokaṃ, evaṃ pecca na socati.

♦ “yassete caturo dhammā, saddhassa gharamesino.

♦ saccaṃ dammo dhiti cāgo, sa ve pecca na socati.

♦ “iṅgha aññepi pucchassu, puthū samaṇabrāhmaṇe.

♦ yadi saccā dammā cāgā, khantyā bhiyyodha vijjatī”ti.

14) (Thế Tôn):

Ai tin tưởng Chánh pháp
Của bậc A-la-hán,
Pháp ấy khiến đạt được,
Niết-bàn (chơn an lạc),
Khéo học, không phóng dật,
Minh nhãn khéo phân biệt,
Nhờ hành trì như vậy,
Vị ấy được trí tuệ.
Làm gì khéo thích hợp,
Gánh vác các trách nhiệm,
Phấn chấn, thích hoạt động,
Như vậy được tài sản,
Chơn thật đạt danh xưng,
Bố thí kết bạn hữu,
Ðời này qua đời khác,
Như vậy không sầu khổ.
Tín nam gia chủ nào,
Tìm cầu bốn pháp này,
Chơn thực và chế ngự,
Kiên trì và xả thí,
Vị ấy sau khi chết,
Không còn phải sầu khổ.
Ðời này qua đời khác,
Sau chết, không sầu khổ.
Ta muốn Ông đến hỏi,
Sa-môn, Bà-la-môn,
Có những pháp nào khác,
Tốt hơn bốn pháp này:
Chơn thực và chế ngự,
Xả thí và kham nhẫn.

14) [The Blessed One:]

851. “Placing faith in the Dhamma of the arahants

For the attainment of Nibbāna,

From desire to learn one gains wisdom

If one is diligent and astute. (600)

852. “Doing what is proper, dutiful,

One with initiative finds wealth. [215]

By truthfulness one wins acclaim;

Giving, one binds friends.

That is how one does not sorrow

When passing from this world to the next. (601)

853. “The faithful seeker of the household life

In whom dwell these four qualities—

Truth, Dhamma, steadfastness, generosity—

Does not sorrow when he passes on. <464>

854. “Come now, ask others as well,

The many ascetics and brahmins,

Whether there is found here anything better

Than truth, self-control, generosity, and patience.” (602)

♦ “kathaṃ nu dāni puccheyyaṃ, puthū samaṇabrāhmaṇe.

♦ yohaṃ {sohaṃ (sī.), svāhaṃ (ka.)} ajja pajānāmi, yo attho samparāyiko.

♦ “atthāya vata me buddho, vāsāyāḷavimāgamā {māgato (pī. ka.)}.

♦ yohaṃ {sohaṃ (sī.)} ajja pajānāmi, yattha dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ.

♦ “so ahaṃ vicarissāmi, gāmā gāmaṃ purā puraṃ.

♦ namassamāno sambuddhaṃ, dhammassa ca sudhammatan”ti.

♦ yakkhasaṃyuttaṃ samattaṃ.

♦ tassuddānaṃ —

♦ indako sakka sūci ca, maṇibhaddo ca sānu ca.

♦ piyaṅkara punabbasu sudatto ca, dve sukkā cīrāaḷavīti dvādasa.

15) (Dạ-xoa):

Làm sao nay ta hỏi,
Sa-môn, Bà-la-môn,
Khi nay ta được biết,
Nguyên nhân của đời sau.
Phật đến Āḷavi,
Thật lợi ích cho ta.
Nay ta được biết rõ,
Cho gì được quả lớn.
Nên ta sẽ bộ hành,
Làng này qua làng khác,
Thành này qua thành khác,
Ðảnh lễ Phật Chánh Giác,
Cùng đảnh lễ Chánh pháp,
Các vị chứng Pháp tánh.

15) [Āḷavaka:]

855. “Why now should I ask this question

Of the many ascetics and brahmins?

Today I have understood

The good pertaining to the future life. (603)

856. “Indeed, for my sake the Buddha came

To reside at Āḷavī.

Today I have understood

Where a gift bears great fruit.

857. “I myself will travel about

From village to village, town to town,

Paying homage to the Enlightened One

And to the excellence of the Dhamma.” (604) <465>

 

*****

(1) Theo Chú giải, dạ-xoa Sūciloma có lông như mũi kim, lông dựng ngược và há miệng rất dễ sợ, còn dạ-xoa Khara có vẩy như vảy cá sấu.

(2) Ngài Buddhaghosa giải thích ví dụ này như sau: Mấy đứa trẻ cột một đầu dây vào chân con quạ, một đầu dây cột vào ngón tay của chúng, khi con quạ bay lên thì chúng kéo giật lại; cũng vậy, tâm bất thiện do tự tâm chúng ta khởi lên, lại cũng được tâm thức của chúng ta điều phục lại.

(3) Chú giải: Vì quá đầy đủ nên không phải đi trở lui để uống lại.

(4) Chú giải: Cam lồ tự tạo ra, không cần dùng vật ở ngoài.

*****

(558) Spk: This was the yakkha who dwelt on Inda’s Peak. Sometimes a peak is named after a yakkha, sometimes a yakkha after a peak.

(559) Spk glosses sajjati in pāda d with laggati tiṭṭhati, “sticks, persists,” apparently taking sajjati as equivalent to Skt sajyate (see MW, s.v. sañj (2)). But the word may be a passive representing Skt sṛjyati for which MW (s.v. sṛj) lists as meanings “to create, procreate, beget, produce.” I translate on the assumption that this is the original derivation. See too PED, s.v. sajati (1).

Spk says that this yakkha was a personalist (puggalavādī) who held the view that a being is produced in the womb at a single stroke (ekappahāren’ eva satto mātukucchismiṃ nibbattati). The Buddha’s answer is intended to refute the yakkha’s belief by showing that a being develops gradually (anupubbena pana vaḍḍhati).

(560) The Pāli terms refer to the different stages in the formation of the embryo. Spk: The kalala is the size of a drop of oil placed on the tip of a thread made from three strands of wool. After a week from the kalala comes the abbuda, which is the colour of meat-washing water. After another week, from the abbuda the pesī is produced, which is similar to molten tin [Spk-pṭ: in shape, but in colour it is pink]. After still another week, from the pesı the ghana arises, which has the shape of a chicken egg. In the fifth week, from the ghana emerge the limbs: five pimples appear, the rudiments of the arms, legs, and head. But the head-hairs, body-hairs, and nails are not produced until the forty-second week.

(561) Spk: This yakkha, it is said, belonged to Māra’s faction (mārapakkhika-yakkha). His verse parallels Māra’s reproach to the Buddha at v. 474, and the Buddha’s reply echoes v. 475. Spk-pṭ explains the purport to be that the wise man’s compassion and sympathy are not tainted by worldly affection.

(562) Spk glosses vaṇṇena with kāraṇena (as in v. 796c; see n. 555), and Spk-pṭ glosses yena kena ci with gahaṭṭhena vā pabbajitena vā, “with a householder or one gone forth,” thus separating it from vaṇṇena and treating it as an expression of personal reference. The purport of the Buddha’s verses is that a wise man should not take to instructing others if he is at risk of becoming attached, but he may do so out of compassion when his mind is purified and his sympathy is not tainted by worldly affection.

(563) This sutta is also at Sn II, 5 (pp. 47–49) and commented on at Pj II 301–5. The name of this yakkha means “Needlehair”; he was called thus because his body was covered with needle-like hairs. According to Spk, he had been a bhikkhu under the Buddha Kassapa but was unable to attain any distinction. During the time of the Buddha Gotama he was reborn as a yakkha in the rubbish dump at the entrance to Gayā village. The Buddha saw that he had the potential for attaining the path of stream-entry and went to his haunt in order to teach him. His haunt, the Ṭaṅkita Bed, was made of a stone slab mounted on four other stones.

(564) Spk: He spoke thus thinking, “One who gets frightened and flees when he sees me is a sham ascetic (samaṇaka); one who does not get frightened and flee is an ascetic (samaṇa). This one, having seen me, will get frightened and flee.”

(565) Spk: The yakkha assumed a frightful manifestation, opened his mouth wide, and raised his needle-like hairs all over his body. His touch is “evil” (pāpaka) and should be avoided like excrement, fire, or a poisonous snake. When the Buddha said this, Sūciloma became angry and spoke as follows.

(566) In all eds. of SN, and most eds. of Sn, as well as their respective commentaries, vv. 808d, 809d read: Kumārakā dhaṅkam iv’ ossajanti. A v.l. vaṅkam (in place of dhaṅkam) is found in several mss of Sn (vv. 270–71) and has been incorporated into Sn (Ee1). Dhaṅkam (< Skt dvāṅkṣam) was certainly the reading known to the commentators, for both Spk and Pj II 303,22 foll. gloss the word with kākaṃ, crow, which they would not have done if vaṅkam was the reading. Spk glosses ossajanti with khipanti, and explains the simile: “Little boys bind a crow by its feet with a long cord, tie one end of the cord around their fingers, and release the crow. After the crow has gone some distance, it falls down again at their feet.”

Spk paraphrases the question thus: “Whence do evil thoughts rise up and toss the mind?” (pāpavitakkā kuto samuṭṭhāya cittaṃ ossajanti). This seems to separate mano and vitakkā and to treat mano as accusative. I prefer to retain manovitakkā as a compound (as is clearly the case at v. 34b) and to see the object of ossajanti as merely implicit, namely, oneself, the very source from which the thoughts arise, as v. 810a asserts with the expression attasambhūtā.

Norman, who also accepts dhaṅkam, discusses the problem at GD, p. 200, n. to 270–71. For an alternative rendering based on the reading vaṅkam, see Ñāṃananda, SNAnth 2:13, 89–90. The Skt version cited at Ybhūś 11.1 reads kumārakā dhātrīm ivāśrayante, “as little boys depend on a wet-nurse” (Enomoto, CSCS, p. 59).

(567) Itonidānā. Spk: “This individual existence (attabhāva) is their source; they have sprung up from this individual existence. As boys at play toss up a crow, so do evil thoughts rise up from this individual existence and toss the mind [Spk-pṭ: by not giving an opening for wholesome states of mind to occur].”

Spk-pṭ: In the application of the simile, the evil thoughts are like the boys at play; this world of our individual existence is like the world in which the boys have arisen; the mind is like the crow; and the fetter (saṃyojana) which follows one to a distance is like the long thread tied around the crow’s feet.

(568) Like the trunk-born shoots of the banyan tree (nigrodhasseva khandhajā). The banyan tree, and other related species of fig trees, “develop from their branches aerial roots that may reach the ground and thicken into ‘pillar-roots’ or subsidiary trunks. The continually expanding system of new trunks, all connected through the branches, may support a crown up to 2,000 feet in circumference” (Emeneau, “The Strangling Figs in Sanskrit Literature,” p. 346). Emeneau quotes Milton’s Paradise Lost, IX, 1100–11, “the locus classicus on these trees in English literature”:

The Figtree … spreds her Armes
Braunching so broad and long, that in the ground
The bended Twigs take root, and Daughters grow
About the Mother Tree, a Pillard shade
High overarch’t, and echoing Walks between….

Like a māluvā creeper stretched across the woods (māluvā va vitatā vane). Spk: “When the māluvā creeper grows by supporting itself against a particular tree, it weaves itself around that tree again and again and spreads over it from bottom to top and from top to bottom, so that it stands suspended and stretched out. In a similar way the manifold defilements of sensual desire cling to the objects of sensual desire, or the manifold beings cling to the objects of sensual desire on account of those defilements of sensual desire.” The point, rather, seems to be that sensual desire spreads from object to object just as the creeper stretches itself out in the woods by spreading from tree to tree. For more on the māluvā creeper, see MN I 306–7, AN I 202,32–34 and 204,23–205,4, and Dhp 162, 334.

(569) Spk paraphrases: “Those who understand their source of this individual existence dispel it, that is, with the truth of the path, they dispel the truth of the origin (= craving), which is the source of the truth of suffering that consists in this individual existence. By driving away the truth of the origin, they cross this hard-to-cross flood of defilements, uncrossed before in this beginningless saṃsāra even in a dream, for no renewed existence, for the sake of the truth of cessation (= Nibbāna), which is called ‘no renewed existence’ (apunabbhavāya). Thus with this verse the Master reveals the Four Noble Truths, bringing the discourse to its climax in arahantship. At its conclusion, Sūciloma was established in the fruit of stream-entry. And since streamenterers do not live on in monstrous bodies, simultaneously with his attainment his needle-hairs all fell out and he obtained the appearance of an earth-deity (bhummadevatā parihāra).”

(570) Spk glosses sukham edhati in pāda a as sukhaṃ pa˛ilabhati, “obtains happiness.” CPD points out (s.v. edhati) that this interpretation is probably a misunderstanding stemming from the supposition that sukham is a direct object of the verb rather than an adverbial accusative. The original meaning appears in the commentarial gloss on the expression sukhedhito as sukhasaṃvaddhito. See too EV I, n. to 475.

Spk glosses suve seyyo in pāda c as suve suve seyyo, niccam eva seyyo; “It is better morrow upon morrow, it is always better.”

(571) Spk: Ahiṃsāya, “in harmlessness,” means “in compassion and in the preliminary stage of compassion” [Spk-pṭ: that is, the access to the first jhāna produced by the meditation on compassion]. Mettaṃ so, “who has lovingkindness,” means “he (so) develops lovingkindness (mettaṃ) and the preliminary stage of lovingkindness.” [Spk-pṭ: He (so) is the person developing meditation on compassion.]

Evidently Spk and Spk-pṭ take so in pāda c to be the demonstrative counterpart of yassa in pāda a, with an implicit transitive verb bhāveti understood. While the exact meaning of mettaṃ so (or mettaṃso) is problematic, I prefer to take pāda c as an additional relative clause, the relatives being resolved only in pāda d by the clearly demonstrative tassa. Spk offers an alternative interpretation of mettaṃso as a compound of mettā and aṃsa, glossed as koṭṭhāsa, “portion”: mettā aṃso etassā ti mettaṃso; “one for whom lovingkindness is a portion (of his character) is metta˙so.” Mp IV 71,9 glosses mettaṃso: mettāyamānacittakoṭṭhāso hutvā; “having become one for whom a loving mind is a portion”; see too It-a I 95,13–15. Brough remarks that mitrisa (in G-Dhp 198) “appears to have been interpreted by the Prakrit translator as equivalent to [Skt] maitrī asya” (Gāndhārī Dharmapada, p. 242, n. 198).

Spk-pṭ: Because of his own hating mind someone might nurture enmity even towards an arahant who lacks meditation on lovingkindness and compassion. But no one could nurture enmity towards one who is endowed with liberation of mind through lovingkindness and compassion. So powerful is the meditation on the divine abodes (evaṃ mahiddhikā brahmavihāra-bhāvanā).

(572) The background story, related in Spk, is also found at Dhp-a IV 18–25, which includes the verses as well; see BL 3:207–11. In brief: Sānu was a devout novice who, on reaching maturity, had become dissatisfied with the monk’s life and had returned to his mother’s house intending to disrobe. His mother, after pleading with him to reconsider his decision, went to prepare a meal for him, and just then a female yakkha—his mother from the previous life, who was also anxious to prevent him from disrobing—took possession of him and threw him down to the ground, where he lay quivering with rolling eyes and foaming mouth. When his present mother returned to the room, she found him in this condition.

(573) I follow the reading in Be. Ee1 & Ee2 insert another verse here (v. 815 in Ee2), but since this verse seems to be the product of a scribal error I do not translate it. The Be reading is supported by the Dhp-a version. Se reads as in Be, but with yā va in place of yā ca in the second pāda of both the exclamation and the reply. In order to translate in accordance with natural English syntax, I have had to invert lines of the Pāli in a way which crosses over the division of verses in the Pāli text.

The Uposatha complete in eight factors (aṭṭhasusamāgataṃ uposathaṃ): On the Uposatha, see n. 513. Besides the two major Uposathas falling on the full-moon and new-moon days (respectively the fifteenth, and either the fourteenth or fifteenth, of the fortnight), minor Uposathas fall on the half-moon days, the eighths of the fortnight. Lay people observe the Uposatha by taking upon themselves the Eight Precepts (aṭṭhaṅga-sīla), a stricter discipline than the Five Precepts of daily observance. These entail abstaining from: (1) taking life, (2) stealing, (3) all sexual activity, (4) false speech, (5) taking intoxicants, (6) eating past noon, (7) dancing, singing, listening to music, seeing improper shows, and using personal ornaments and cosmetics, and (8) using high and luxurious beds and seats. For more on the Uposatha duties for the laity, see AN IV 248–62.

And during special periods (pātihāriyapakkhañ ca). Spk explains this as if it meant the days proximate to the Uposatha: “This is said with reference to those who undertake the Uposatha observances on the seventh and ninth of the fortnight too (in addition to the eighth), and who also undertake the practices on the days preceding and following the Uposatha on the fourteenth or fifteenth (the full-moon and new-moon observance days). Further, following the Pavāraṃā day (see n. 513) they observe the Uposatha duties continuously for a fortnight [Spk-pṭ: that is, during the waning fortnight].” Different explanations of the expression pātihāriyapakkha are given at Mp II 234 and Pj II 378.

(574) Spk glosses uppaccāpi as uppatitvā pi, and paraphrases: “Even if you fly up like a bird and flee, there will still be no freedom for you.” The same verse is at Thī 247c–248b, Pv 236, Ud 51,17–18, Peṭ 44,20–21, and Nett 131,19–20. These versions (except Pv) read the absolutive as upecca, with a strange gloss sañcicca in their commentaries; Pv follows SN, but its commentary recognizes upecca as a v.l. A parallel is at Uv 9:4, with the absolutive utplutya. See von Hinüber, “On the Tradition of Pāli Texts in India, Ceylon, and Burma,” pp. 51–53.

(575) At this point the yakkha has released Sānu and he has regained consciousness, unaware of what had just occurred.

(576) See 20:10 (II 271,13–14): “For this is death in the Noble One’s Discipline: that one gives up the training and returns to the lower life.”

(577) Spk: She says this to show the danger in household life; for household life is called “hot embers” (kukkuḷā) in the sense of being hot. Kukkuḷā is also at 22:136.

(578) Spk paraphrases kassa ujjhāpayāmase, in pāda b, thus: “When you were intent on disrobing and had been possessed by the yakkha, to whom could we have voiced our grief (complained), to whom could we have appealed and reported this (kassa mayaṃ ujjhāpayāma nijjhāpayāma ārocayāma)?” On pāda cd: “When you went forth into the Buddha’s Teaching, drawn out from the household, you were like an item rescued from a blazing house. But now
you wish to be burnt again in the household life, which is like a great conflagration.” According to Spk, the yakkha’s intervention proved effective. After listening to his mother, Sānu gave up his idea of disrobing, received the higher ordination, mastered the Buddha’s teachings, and quickly attained arahantship. He became a great preacher who lived to the age of 120.

(579) Spk: She had taken her son Piyaṅkara on her hip and was searching for food behind Jeta’s Grove when she heard the sweet sound of the elder’s recitation. The sound went straight to her heart and, transfixed, she stood there listening to the Dhamma, her interest in food gone. But her little son was too young to appreciate the recitation and kept complaining to his mother about his hunger.

(580) Spk: She was carrying her daughter on her hip and leading her son by the hand. When she heard the Dhamma she stood transfixed, but her children clamoured for food.

(581) Spk explains that pāṇinaṃ in pāda d may be understood as either a genitive plural or an accusative singular representing the plural (= pāṇine): Pāṇinan ti yathā pāṇīnaṃ dukkhā moceti. Ke mocetı ti? Pāṇine ti āharitvā vattabbaṃ.

(582) I follow VĀT’s perspicacious suggestion that pāda d should be read: yaṃ dhammaṃ abhisambudhā, taking the verb as a root aorist (see Geiger, Pāli Grammar, §159, 161.1). Be and Ee2 read abhisambudhaṃ, Se and Ee1 abhisambuddhaṃ, accusative past participles which seem syntactically out of place. The accusative yaṃ dhammaṃ requires an active transitive verb, yet the only solution Spk can propose is to turn the passive accusative participle into a nominative with active force, a role it is illdesigned to play. Since verb forms from abhisambudh always refer to the Buddha, I have made explicit the verb’s subject, not mentioned as such in the text.

(583) Spk: Having listened to the Buddha’s discourse, the yakkha and her son were established in the fruit of stream-entry. Though the daughter had good supporting conditions, she was too young to understand the discourse.

(584) The story of Anāthapiṇḍika’s first meeting with the Buddha is told in greater detail at Vin II 154–59; see too Ñāṇamoli, Life of the Buddha, pp. 87–91. His given name was Sudatta, “Anāthapiṇḍika” being a nickname meaning “(giver) of alms to the helpless”; he was so called because of his generosity.

(585) Spk: After the first watch of the night had passed he woke up thinking of the Buddha, full of confidence and joy so intense that light became manifest and drove away the darkness. Hence he thought it was already dawn and set out for the monastery, realizing his error only when he went outside. The same thing happened at the end of the middle watch.

From Spk’s account, it seems that the Cool Grove was located near the cremation ground (sīvathikā) and thus Anāthapiṇḍika had to pass through the cemetery to reach the monastery. It was for this reason that he became frightened. The fluctuation in the intensity of the light, Spk says, reflects his inward battle between faith and fear.

(586) Spk: The word sahassa (thousand), found only in conjunction with kaññā, should be conjoined with each of the preceding three terms as well. All this is “not worth a sixteenth part of a single step forward” because, when he arrives at the monastery, he will be established in the fruit of stream-entry.

(587) Spk: While he was approaching, Anāthapiṇḍika wondered how he could determine for himself whether or not the Teacher was a genuine Buddha. He then resolved that if the Teacher was a Buddha he would address him by his given name, Sudatta, known only to himself.

(588) The words in brackets render haṭṭho udaggo, found in Be only.

(589) I prefer Se and Ee2 cetaso to Be and Ee1 cetasā. The parallel at AN I 138,3–6 also has cetaso. In the Vinaya version the Buddha next delivers a graduated sermon to Anāthapiṇḍika at the conclusion of which he attains streamentry.

(590) This verse and the next are found, with several variations, at Thī 54–55. Spk glosses kiṃ me katā, in pāda a, with kiṃ ime katā, kiṃ karonti, but I think it more likely that we have here a split bahubbīhi compound kiṃkatā, and I translate accordingly.

Be reads pāda b: madhupītā va seyare (Se and Ee2: seyyare; Ee1 and Thī 54: acchare). Spk: They sleep as if they have been drinking sweet mead (Be: gandhamadhupāna; Se: gaṇḍamadhupāna); for it is said that one who drinks this is unable to lift up his head but just lies there unconscious. Spk-pṭ: Gandhamadhu is a particular type of honey that is extremely sweet and intoxicating.

Spk I 338,13–14 (to 11:1) mentions a drink called gandhapāna (in Be; gaṇḍapāna in Se and Ee), an intoxicating beverage (surā) used by the older generation of devas in the Tāvatiṃsa heaven but rejected by Sakka after he assumed rulership over that world. At Dhp-a I 272,9 the drink is called dibbapāna. MW lists gandhapāna, defined as a fragrant beverage. “Madhu denotes anything sweet used as food and especially drink, ‘mead,’ a sense often found in the Rigveda” (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, s.v. madhu).

(591) Spk explains appaṭivānīyaṃ (“irresistible”), in pāda a, thus: “Whereas ordinary food, even though very delicious, fails to give pleasure when one eats it again and again and becomes something to be rejected and removed, this Dhamma is different. The wise can listen to this Dhamma for a hundred or a thousand years without becoming satiated.” Spk glosses asecanakam ojavaṃ, in pāda b, as anāsittakaṃ ojavantaṃ, “unadulterated, nourishing,” and explains that unlike material food, which becomes tasty by the addition of condiments, this Dhamma is sweet and nutritious by its own nature.

While Spk thus takes asecanaka to be derived from siñcati, to sprinkle, Brough maintains that the word is derived from a different root sek, meaning “to satiate.” He renders it “never causing surfeit” (Gāndhārī Dharmapada, p. 193, n. to 72). See too CPD, s.v. asecanaka, which quotes the traditional Skt explanation from the Amarakośa: tṛpter nāsty anto yasya darśanāt; “that the sight of which gives endless satisfaction.” In Pāli the word is used more in connection with the senses of smell and taste (e.g., at AN III 237,22 and 238,1). My rendering “ambrosial” is intended to suggest the same idea as the Skt definition, but more concisely so that it can also be incorporated into the description of mindfulness of breathing at 54:9 (V 321,22 and 322,1,11).

Pāda d reads: valāhakam iva panthagū (in Be and Ee1; Se and Thī 55 end with addhagū). Spk: “Like travellers (pathikā) oppressed by the heat (who drink) the water released from within a cloud.”

(592) This verse and the next resemble Thī 111, which contains features of both. In pāda d, I prefer vippamuttāya in Se and SS, as against vippamuttiyā in Be and Ee1 & 2. At EV II, n. to 111, Norman suggests, on metrical grounds, inverting pādas c and d, but the resultant meaning seems to undermine the cogency of this suggestion.

(593) This sutta, also found at Sn I, 10 (pp. 31–33), is included in the Sri Lankan Maha Pirit Pota. Spk relates the long background story, of which I sketch only the highlights:

One day King Āḷavaka of Āḷavī, while on a hunt, was captured by the ferocious yakkha Āḷavaka, who threatened to eat him. The king could obtain release only by promising the demon that he would provide him daily with a human victim. First the king sent the criminals from the prison, but when there were no more prisoners he required every family to provide a child. All the families with children eventually fled to other lands and it became incumbent on the king to offer his own son, the Āḷavaka prince. The Buddha, aware of the impending sacrifice, went to the yakkha’s haunt on the day before the offering was to take place in order to convert the demon from his evil ways. At that time the yakkha was attending a meeting in the Himalayas, but the Buddha entered his cave, sat down on the yakkha’s throne, and preached the Dhamma to his harem ladies. When the yakkha heard about this, he hastened back to Āḷavī in a fury and demanded that the Blessed One leave.

(594) Spk: The Buddha complied with the yakkha’s demands three times because he knew that compliance was the most effective way to soften his mind. But when the yakkha thought to send the Buddha in and out all night long, the Master refused to obey.

(595) Spk: It is said that when he was a child his parents had taught him eight questions and answers which they had learnt from the Buddha Kassapa. As time passed he forgot the answers, but he had preserved the questions written in vermillion on a golden scroll, which he kept in his cave.

(596) Api ca tvaṃ āvuso puccha yad ākaṅkhasi. Spk: With these words the Buddha extended to him the invitation of an Omniscient One (sabbaññupavāraṇaṃ pavāresi), which cannot be extended by any paccekabuddhas, chief disciples, or great disciples.

(597) Spk: Faith is a man’s best treasure because it brings mundane and supramundane happiness as its result; it alleviates the suffering of birth and aging; it allays poverty with respect to excellent qualities; and it is the means of obtaining the gems of the enlightenment factors, etc. Dhamma here is the ten wholesome qualities, or giving, virtue, and meditation. This brings human happiness, celestial happiness, and in the end the happiness of Nibbāna. By truth here truthful speech is intended, with Nibbāna as the ultimate truth (paramatthasacca) and truth as abstinence (from falsehood; viratisacca) comprised within that. Of the various kinds of tastes, truth is really the sweetest of tastes, truth alone is the sweetest (sādutaraṁ). Or it is the best (sādhutaraṃ), the supreme, the highest. For such tastes as that of roots, etc., nourish only the body and bring a defiled happiness, but the taste of truth nourishes the mind with serenity and insight and brings an undefiled happiness.

One living by wisdom (paññājīviṃ jīvitaṃ): A householder lives by wisdom when he works at an honourable occupation, goes for refuge, gives alms, observes the precepts, and fulfils the Uposatha duties, etc. One gone forth as a monk lives by wisdom when he undertakes pure virtue and the superior practices beginning with purification of mind.

(598) Spk distributes the four “floods” (ogha) over the four lines of the reply and sees each line as implying a particular path and fruit; on the four floods, see n. 1. Since the faith faculty is the basis for the four factors of stream-entry (see 55:1), the first line shows the stream-enterer, who has crossed the flood of views; the second line shows the once-returner, who by means of  diligence has crossed the flood of existence except for one more existence in the sense-sphere world; the third line shows the nonreturner, who has overcome the flood of sensuality, a mass of suffering; and the fourth line shows the path of arahantship, which includes the fully purified wisdom by means of which one crosses over the flood of ignorance.

This completes the eight questions that the yakkha had learnt from his parents. When the Buddha finished speaking, bringing his verse to a climax in arahantship, the yakkha was established in the fruit of stream-entry.

(599) Spk: When the Buddha said, “By wisdom one is purified,” the yakkha picked up on the word “wisdom” and, through his own ingenuity, asked a question of mixed mundane and supramundane significance.

(600) In pāda c, I read sussūsā with Se and Ee1 & 2. Be reads sussūsṃ as does the lemma of Spk (Be), while the corresponding lemma in Spk (Se) has sussūsā. From the paraphrase (see below) sussūsā can be understood as a truncated instrumental (= sussūsāya). In Be, sussūsaṃ seems to function as an accusative in apposition to paññaṃ, perhaps as the first member of a split compound, i.e., “the wisdom (consisting in) the desire to learn.”

Spk: The Blessed One shows here four causes for the gaining of wisdom. First one places faith in the Dhamma by which the arahants—Buddhas, paccekabuddhas, and disciples—attained Nibbāna. By so doing one gains the mundane and supramundane wisdom for the attainment of Nibbāna. But that does not come to pass merely by faith. When faith is born one approaches a teacher, lends an ear, and hears the Dhamma; thus one gains a desire to learn (sussūsaṃ). When one lends an ear and listens from a desire to learn, one gains wisdom. But one must also be diligent (appamatto), in the sense of being constantly mindful, and astute (vicakkhaṇa), able to distinguish what is well spoken and badly spoken. Through faith one enters upon the practice that leads to gaining wisdom. Through a desire to learn (sussūsāya) one carefully listens to the means for acquiring wisdom; through diligence (appamādena) one does not forget what one has learnt; through astuteness (vicakkhaṇatāya) one expands upon what one has learnt. Or else: through a desire to learn one lends an ear and listens to the Dhamma by which one gains wisdom; through diligence one bears in mind the Dhamma heard; by astuteness one examines the meaning and then gradually one realizes the ultimate truth.

(601) Spk: Dutiful (dhuravā) means not neglecting one’s responsibilities and implies mental energy; one with initiative (uṭṭhātā) implies physical energy. I here follow Be; in Se the last two lines come at the end of v. 850; in Ee1, at the end of both v. 852 and v. 853; in Sn, they are attached to neither verse.

(602) The problem is to correlate the two tetrads mentioned in vv. 853–54. The difficulty arises not only on account of the replacement of dhiti by khantyā in the second verse but also because of the variant readings of the second term. Perhaps the best reading is that in Se, which accords with Sn (Ee) vv. 187–88: in v. 853, saccaṃ dhammo dhiti cāgo; in v. 854, saccā damā cāgā khantyā. Spk (Be) and Spk (Se) differ over the second term: the former has dammo and dammā, the latter dhammo and dhammā. The explanations in Spk-pṭ establish beyond doubt that dhammo and damā were the respective readings known to Dhammapāla.

The four qualities mentioned at vv. 853–54 refer back to vv. 851–52. Truth corresponds to truthfulness in v. 852c (sacca in all three instances), while generosity (cāga) clearly corresponds to giving (dadaṃ) in v. 852d. Spk (Se) explains that Dhamma is spoken of (in v. 851c) under the name of wisdom gained through a desire to learn, on which Spk-pṭ comments: “Wisdom is called Dhamma because of bearing up and examining (dhāraṇato upadhāraṇato) entities in accordance with actuality.” (As the verb dhāreti (> dhāraṇa) is the stock etymological explanation of dhamma in the commentaries, we can infer that the author of Spk-pṭ had a text that read dhammo.) Steadfastness (dhiti) is spoken of under the names dutifulness and initiative (in v. 852ab).

In its paraphrase of v. 854, Spk states: “Come now, ask the many ascetics and brahmins whether there is any greater means for winning acclaim than truthfulness; any greater means for gaining mundane and supramundane wisdom than self-control (I suggest reading damā, following Spk-pṭ, which explains that wisdom is so designated because it controls (dameti) the defilements as well as body and speech, etc.); any greater means of binding friends than generosity; and any greater means for finding mundane and supramundane wealth than patience, which is identical with activated energy, (called patience) in the sense that it endures heavy burdens, and which is referred to by the names dutifulness and initiative.”

Thus the correlations can be shown schematically as follows:

(1) 852: truthfulness = 853 & 854: truth.
(2) 851: wisdom = 853: Dhamma = 854: self-control.
(3) 852: giving = 853 & 854: generosity.
(4) 852: dutifulness, initiative = 853: steadfastness = 854: patience.

(603) Although Spk explains attho in pāda d as the visible benefit (diṭṭhadhammika) and samparāyiko as the benefit in a future life, there seems to be no compelling reason not to take the two words at their face value as adjective and noun bearing a single significance, namely, the good pertaining to the future life.

(604) Spk continues with the background story: Just as the yakkha finished speaking this verse, the sun rose and the king’s men arrived bringing the prince as a sacrificial offering. They handed the infant to the yakkha, who presented him to the Buddha. The Master recited some verses of blessing over the boy and returned him to the king’s men. When the prince reached maturity, he was known as Hatthaka Āḷavaka, because he had been passed around from one person’s hands (hattha) to another’s. He attained the stage of nonreturner and was one of the Buddha’s foremost lay disciples, the chief of those who win followings through the four bases of beneficence (saṇgahavatthu; see AN I 26,7–9). The Buddha holds him up as a model for male lay followers at 17:23 and praises his virtues at AN IV 217–20.

*****

 

Nguồn (Source):
- Pāḷi: digitalpalireader.online
- Vietnamese: (HT. Thích Minh Châu dịch): khemarama.net
- English: (Translated by Bhikkhu Bodhi): en.khemarama.net

Những tập kinh khác:

10. Yakkhasaṃyuttaṃ – Tương Ưng Dạ Xoa – Connected Discourses with Yakkhas

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